Business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Business environment - Essay Example These include social, political, economical and technological. These factors can make or break a business. In simple words the outside environments consists of stakeholders. A stakeholder is any group within or outside the organization that has a stake in the organization's performance. External environment mainly consists of people who have stakes in the activities of the business such as the government, local population, pressure groups and investors. To illustrate how these people are affected by the organization's activities, let's look at some examples: The factor that I consider to be the most important in the external environment is social and cultural values that have to be followed and respected by the businesses. If this business does not follow the social values of the country, it will face a legal action against it and will have to shut down. This is how social and political factors are related. So, no business can prosper if ignores the social environment of the country it is operating in. This obligation of organization management to make decision and take actions in conformity with the normal social values and practices of the country, which enhances the welfare and interest of the society, is known as the social responsibility of the business and it cannot survive if it chooses to ignore this factor. Although at first, it might become very complex to grasp the concept of social environment b... Although at first, it might become very complex to grasp the concept of social environment because different people have different thoughts about as to which actions will improve the society's welfare. Social factor is wide a category which also includes the ethical practices of the businesses, its conformity with the tradition of the country and its responsibility to follow legal laws of the country. As already discussed above, social environment is linked with the business's legal, ethical and discretionary policies. Similarly, social environment may also affect the political, technological and economic environment, either directly or through a series of patterns. All modern societies lay down ground rules, laws and regulation that businesses are expected to follow. The respect that the business has for these rules and regulations defines the legal responsibility in the social environment for the business. Businesses are expected to fulfill their economic goals within the legal framework. For example, oil companies may be asked that they are allowed emit only a certain amount of gases in the environment. Their failure to follow this legal instruction will mean that they have violated the necessary requirement and for that they may be sued or forced to shut down. Similarly, companies producing waste may be asked, not to dump this waste in the places of scenic beauties such as beaches, island etc. If they still do this then they are ignoring their legal responsibility in the social environment. If they are found guilty they may be fined or kicked out of the country. So, all businesses are expected to follow these laws. Since, most of the laws ar e made by political setup of the country,

Youth Gang Violence in Australia Essay Example for Free

Youth Gang Violence in Australia Essay The legal argument being stated in this report refers to the developing issue of youth gang criminology that has somewhat flourished and further advanced in the suburban areas of Australia since the 1990s. The term ‘gang’ is debated throughout the cases presented to psychological and criminal observers, argued to be diverse in definition because of its variety to identifiers. What causes the most uncertainty towards the issue is the query of the agenda behind youth gang violence, which is a factor that must be taken into consideration in performing action in anticipating further crimes. What the main matter of contention is, the controversy of how can legal acts be committed into successfully containing the potential spread of youth gang threats. Criminal observers have dated these organised crimes back a hundred years, originating and nationally developing from the state of New South Wales of Australia. Gang violence practically consists of an organised group of general willing participants that perform acts of crimes; the severity of them differs according to agenda or convenience in availability in numbers or equipment. Gangs can perpetrate crimes such as prostitution, gambling, extortion, arson, theft to social attacks, assault, murder and terrorism etc. Despite the known history of previous Australian gang activity, petty clashes between young peoples though are misinterpreted as youth gang violence. The effects though, whether originated from gang membership or just from individual illegal activity on the streets between juveniles, are still severe to the current generation of society. But whether gang violence is subjected to ‘reality’ or ‘myth’, three main issues of intervention are recognised by the police force and surrounding community: Firstly, criminal acts displayed from youth gangs do exist and are a danger to the community, and almost inevitably provoke authorities to take action, despite what is occurring in the grassroots; Secondly, analysis has proven that politic and economic conditions create potential cause for youth gang crimes, now requiring action to forestall further problematic incident; Thirdly, gangs in Australia have been generally radicalised, public discourses being ubject of an ethnic minority of juvenile offenders. Law enforcement has an inadequate background of managing street gang violence, the police force known to be reluctant of getting involved in physical violence, weary of the potential Internal Affair complaints and accusations, despite their past background of aggression. This report is an overview of the crimes and product of youth gang violence in the Australian communities, as well as a summary based on the law relations, opinionated whether effective in the circumstances. What specifically is youth gang violence? The term ‘youth gang violence’ indicates to an organised assembling of adolescents and juveniles with the suspected intention to commit crimes and cause distress, individually or cooperatively, under a ‘banner’ or title of membership to that specific ‘gang’. Intentions can vary from wanting to have ‘control’ over designated ‘territory’ over suburban areas, to gain infamy or in term ‘respect’, or in a way to find escape and/or have a sense of protection and power. There is no denying of such activity occurring in the urban streets of Australia, known to be more common in the capitals of Sydney, Melbourne and establishing in the outer occupant communities of Brisbane; but consequently this perception has strengthened due to the media exaggerating and releasing news and images of anti-social teen behaviour, so the perspective of such dealings is generally misapprehended. Although youth gang violence is a known emerging problem in Australia, many occurrences that have had to result in the involvement of police have been dramatized by the media as ‘gang violence’. The severity of school yard violence has significantly increased in the past decade as students are arming themselves with weapons and assaulting fellow students and staff alike. With violence occurring outside of education centres, investigations have proven leads originally building and existing within their attending school, just having been provoked outside the institutes. Habitually the breaking news of street or group violence that has any involvement of juveniles and police is distinguished as ‘youth gang activity’ and is repressed accordingly by the police force, even though gang membership might not be the case. Typically viewed upon by stereotypes, assembled from occurrences and news releases in America’s history of gang violence, the law enforcement in the past has aken contentious action against gang suspects but, through observations, police force aggression has been perceived of being at a higher risk of causing resentment from adolescents when dealing with the suspected ‘members’. In fact, severe penalties such as detention have been associated with an increased likelihood of re-offending and a 2002 study showed that young people who went to a youth justice conference were 15-20% less likely to re-offend than young people who went to court for similar offence. A report released by the NSW Ombudsman in 1999 showed that young people are far more likely than adults to be searched and moved on by police. Many organisations, like OxGang Research Network, and other directed projects, such as the Youth Gang: the Australian Experience project, have made it their goal to ‘study’ the behaviours and movements of adolescents potentially or definitely involved in youth gangs in Australia, with the intention of examining and suggesting further law enforcement to help deprive and prevent further incidents concerning juvenile violence. The perception of youth gang violence in Australia is confirmed by politicians making negative proclamations about particular youth groups or ‘gangs’ as well as raising awareness in introducing the anti-weapon legislation. Whether the perceptions hold as much sincerity as charges claim, one intervention observation that stands out above all other theoretical concern is that gang violence in Australia does exist and is a developing issue, and nevertheless if it’s an emerging matter or chronic, inevitably authorities will take action to cease any potential or existing threat to the community. In stating the former point, youth gang violence is a severe occurrence in Australia. 2008, August 02, The Courier Mail released a story â€Å"Violent youth gangs take control of streets† reveals an occurrence of adolescents’ assaults on residents of the Queensland community. The paper stated they were ‘operating like a pack of animals’, followed by Inspector Greg Carey, crime manager for the Tweed-NSW police command, remarking ‘There is no doubt its a phenomenon that is rapidly escalating in this country,’. The story had originated from several incidents consisting of juveniles, ‘whose members are as young as 11’ attacking the community. The report stated ‘drive-by beatings and random swarming attacks by teens armed with knives and poles are leaving a bloody trail across southeast Queensland. ’ In Australia, legislations relating to youth gang violence have been committed more forthcoming in New South Wales which concur of the Children (Protection and Parental Responsibility) Act 1997, which enables officers to remove persons under the age of sixteen that display suspicion of gang activity or if they are generally at risk of committing a crime, or in danger of being affected by it. Another act that was introduced in 1998, the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Police and Public Safety) Act was brought forth with the intention to surmise potential threat by modifying opportunity for weapon use throughout the country. Action that has already been ensued towards youth gang pursuit has come under the perspective that juveniles that are involved in gangs do not have the full intention of causing discord in the streets but to have a place to belong among the residents. Many programs have tried to obstruct the feeling of alienation from foreign adolescents so as to prevent the conceivable threat of gang membership in the future. Currently, there is no empirical work in Australia to allow criminal investigators to determine the general number of gangs or the number of gang members. A paper published by the Australian Institute of Criminology examines some of the complex issues surrounding youth gangs in Australia; its contents considering what gangs are, what sorts of behaviour they engage in, how they are structured, how they change over time, and how they form and disappear. Research has concluded a few general factors concerning youth gangs that can be applied across assorted geographic, demographic and ethnic settings, which in customary sense must be considered in order to understand the practical agenda or ‘origination’ of a gang. In this way, authorities can further their chances to discovering a resolution deeming less problematic occurrences throughout. Gangs are diverse – they vary, for example, in ethnic composition criminal activities, age of members, propensity toward violence, and organisational stability. Gangs do change – they evolve due to direct factors (such as prevention, intervention and suppression efforts) and in response to indirect factors (such as demographic shifts, economic conditions and influence of the media). Reactions to gangs also vary as well as its outcomes – some communities indefinitely deny they exist while others sensationalise them if one is identified. Some communities establish task forces to address gang issues while others conduct assessments to determine the nature and scope of youth gang incidents. Effective responses do prove to be diverse – communities have developed various responses to gangs, including prevention, intervention and suppression or enforcement. International research has also increasingly emphasised that gang formation is a social process involving complex forms of membership, transformation and disintegration. These elements challenge the standard stereotypes of gangs that both can be influenced by media or enforcements. Youth gangs can differ from each other in many ways including their size, members’ ages, whether they are territorial and/or whether they have criminal tendencies. For many young people, gangs serve to provide a sense of social inclusion, support and security. They can also provide opportunities for status, group identity and ‘excitement’. Consequently, in the dealings with infinite occurrences subjected to youth gangs, successful outcomes require delicate attention and action. Enforcement preserves certain areas of law in which aggression is used and can be deemed necessary; however, physiological observations show that the youths that involve themselves in anti-social behaviour is a result of their own personal abuse and neglect. Circumstances practically need to consist of indulged examination and efficient research before severe and potentially permanent action can be conducted. Harsh and permanent penalties do not address the systemic problems underlying juvenile offending. Poverty and neglect are the strongest predictors of youth gang crime and these are not addressed by punitive responses to crime. Supervision based research has proven that large numbers of adolescents in the youth gang system had been in state care and/or homeless. The majority had left school extremely early, mostly before starting Year 10. Many had also proven to have a mental illness or disorder. However, juvenile offense rates occurring in Australia have declined from 4092 per 100 000 juveniles in 1995-1996 to 3023 in 2003-2004, mannerly proving authorities and criminology researchers are dealing adequately with the threats of youth gangs more so than prior action. Methodologically, addressing perceived gang problems requires adoption of a problem-solving model. Understanding gangs and gang problems is ultimately about what people can and are willing to do at a local level to provide local solutions for the community. An example problem-solving model applying to gang problems can consist of four steps: 1, Scanning, which consists of the potential process of searching for and identifying gang problems, and narrowing the community’s view of a general gang problem to more specific problems, such as graffiti, drug sales, violence; lesser but not degraded. 2, Analysis, which can involve in efficiently investigating the specific gang dispute in greater detail by considering the origination, and what form the problem can consequently take, leading to queries as who is and can be harmed and how, and when the problems have and might occur. , Response, which involves an effort to conceptually link specific problems with specific local responses, and to survey potential approaches and projects that might provide a further insight into how best to address specific issues in that specific community context. 4, and Assessment, which can process and conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness of the strate gies, to whether or not the problem has been diminished, or whether the problem needs to be redefined and the considering of the development of appropriate criteria regarding community safety. Youth gang criminology is a diverse and delicate topic, differing in origin and varying in acts. One important feature in authority based action is the process of intervention, considering the major and acute factors regarding adolescent anti-socialism. Major dispute applying to juvenile crimes associate with the lack of national data research justifying the origin and perceived outcome of organised gangs. Perceptions viewed by both the local public and enforcement authorities however are influenced by inadequate policing, resulting in more aggressive and out-bursting action which then causes reaction of resentment from the engaged juveniles. Further observation and physiological research should conduct not on the general behaviour of youth gangs, but should attempt to disestablish potential problematic occurrences throughout the community, as a way in breaking down crimes and threats. Action should be taken methodically and systematically, understanding the varying strategies and outcomes of different circumstances. Youth gang violence will be a chronic display in Australia, whether degraded or over-exaggerated, action must be and will be taken to prevent further effect on society.

Use of Wood as a Building Material

Use of Wood as a Building Material Wood is quite unique when compared to most building materials used today given that its material makeup is a result of naturally grown biological tissue (ill.18). Thus, the material makeup and structure of wood is significantly different than that of most industrially produced, isotropic materials. Upon close examination, wood can be described as an anisotropic natural fiber composite. In contrast to isotropy, which constitutes identical properties in all directions of a material, anisotropy concerns the property of being directionally dependent. For instance, one can see this in the way that wood can bend easily in the tangential axis (ill.19) which is the direction perpendicular to its grain direction. When examining wood from any given angle, one can identify material characteristics and behaviours specific to that angle, relative to the material’s main grain orientation. That is to say, should one examine the material properties of wood at an angle 45 degrees to the main g rain orientation, one will discover properties extremely different than those obtained from an angle 90 degrees to the main grain orientation. The directionally dependent property of wood is a result of the horizontal or vertical orientation of the individual cells and the arrangements of growth layers in a tree.[1] Throughout architectural history, this inherent heterogeneity of wood as well as its complex material characteristics have often been characterized as deficiencies by architects, engineers and members of the timber industry.[2] This can be traced to the fact that most designs and construction methodologies used today require the use of materials bearing minimal variations in their properties and behaviours in order to satisfy the need for isotropic structures. In contrast, this thesis views wood’s complex material makeup and its capacities as significant advantages rather than deficiencies. Furthermore, it aims to understand these interesting characteristics of wood and employ them through an informed design process. In addition to these complex material properties, wood also presents many favorable characteristics including diversity, weight, strength, appearance, workability, cost and availability. Another factor that makes wood a very appealing material today concerns its overall ecological advantages. In light of the environmental challenges that the built environment is facing today, it is becoming increasingly recognized that very few building materials can rival woods environmental benefits. Wood is a natural, renewable material that holds a very low level of embodied energy. It is known for its ability to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by storing CO2 and also by substituting for materials with a high carbon content[3]. In this manner, the use of wood actually produces a positive carbon footprint.[4] Wood is also an extremely energy efficient building material in its production. For example, wood requires 50 times less energy in its manufacturing than steel to ensure a given structural st iffness as a whole.[5] Unlike many natural resources, forests consist of a renewable resource. With careful forest management, one can ensure that forests thrive and continue to provide the many benefits to which we have become accustomed. Foresters can calculate an allowable cut of trees per year for any given forest area that will secure a stable harvest. Tree farming is yet another way of sustainably satisfying todays demand for wood. Programs at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have engineered a breed of super trees that can grow at rapid speeds in order to create a substantial amount of bio mass in a single given acre. These engineered trees are being farmed at tree farms such as the Boardman Tree Farm LLC, and are redefining modern forestry (ill.20). The Boardman Tree Farm plantations are located in eastern Oregon, United States, where dry desert land has been transformed into a thirty thousand acre farm. This plantation currently has seventy million trees and is capable of producing half a million tree s every year to satisfy demands. The plantation harvests five acres of trees every day in order to maintain this continuous cycle.[6] As a result of woods naturally-grown origin, its unique material composition accounts for most of its properties and characteristics.[7] The aim of the thesis is to explore some of the potential ways of utilizing the material properties and specific material characteristics of wood in the design field. In order to do so, the heterogeneous structure of wood must first be understood in greater detail. Wood can be defined as a low-density, cellular, composite material and as such, does not readily fall into a single class of material, but rather overlaps a number of classes. In terms of its high strength performance and affordability, timber remains the worlds most successful fiber composite. On the microscopic scale, one can describe wood as a natural fiber composite.[8] (Ill.21) Wood cells are comprised of layers, upon which cellulose microfibrils function like fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin and hemicelluloses, reinforcing the assembly as a whole. Due to this makeup at the microscopic level, wood shares a number of properties with materials like: synthetic composites, reinforced plastics, fiberglass, and carbon fiber. Similar to wood, these materials are characterized with relatively low stiffness in combination with relatively high structural capacity. In other words, wood contains innate elastic properties especially well-suited for construction methods that seek to employ elasticity in achieving complex lightweight structures from initially planar elements. What follows is intended as a brief overview of the material composition of wood. Understanding the anatomical aspects of wood is imperative to the research and investigations that have been conducted. In contrast to building materials that are specifically designed and manufactured to suit the needs of an architect or an engineer, wood is a result of the biological tissue functions that take place in a tree. Although there exists a wide variety of species of trees in the world, all trees, despite their diversity, share certain characteristics. Trees are all vascular and perennial which means they are capable of adding yearly growth to previously grown wood. The growth process of a tree occurs in the cambium, a thin layer of living cells between the bark of the tree and the inner stem structure. (Ill.22) Cambial cells have thin walls and divide themselves lengthwise to grow into two new cells. Following the cell division, one of the two cells enlarges to become another cambial mother cell while the other either matures into a bark cell or forms towards the inside of the cambium to become a new wood cell. When the primary wood cells reach maturity and develop into their mature size, a secondary wall is constructed from long chain hemicellulose and cellulose molecules. The long chains of cellulose molecules are oriented in a direction parallel to the long axis of the cells and reinforced by lignin (ill.23). Lignin is an integral part of the woods cellulous structure because it provides support for the cells. It is also the material that gives rigidity to plants.[9] The distribution and orientation of the cells along with the material structure of the cell walls determine most of the resulting characteristics and properties of wood.[10] Trees are characterized into two types: softwoods and hardwoods (ill.24). The terms ‘softwood’ and ‘hardwood’ do not signify softness or hardness of wood. The two terminologies are related to the botany of the species and to the way in which a tree grows. The differences between the two types of wood can be seen in the cellular structure of the materials. In the relatively simple cellular structure of softwood, nine tenths of the wood volume consists of one cell type called tracheid, while the remainder consist of ray tissues. Tracheids are fiber-like cells and have a length-to-width ratio of 100:1, meaning that they are approximately one hundred times longer than they are wide. The tracheid cells are arranged parallel to the stem axis located in the radial layers of the tree and are responsible for the transport of water and minerals throughout the tree. In contrast, a much greater variety of cell types and arrangement configurations are present in hardwoods. In addition to tracheids, hardwoods also contain vessels, rays and fiber cells. Vessel elements in hardwood have a large diameter and thin walls, containing no end-to-end walls. As a result, they are arranged in an end-to-end formation that is parallel to the stem axis of the tree, forming continuous channels that carry sap through the tree. Unlike vessels, fiber cells are much smaller in diameter and have thicker cell walls and possess closed tapered ends (ill.25). In both softwood and hardwood, the structure, distribution and orientation of cells are the determining factors of the anisotropic, structural, and hygroscopic characteristics of wood.[11] The anisotropic and hygroscopic characteristics of wood resulting from its internal cellular structure have traditionally been regarded as problematic in the practices of architecture and structural engineering, especially when compared to more homogeneous, stable, industrially produced isotropic materials like steel, plastic or glass. In design approaches within architecture, engineering and timber industries, knowledge of wood’s material composition and characteristics has mostly been employed to counterbalance its complex material behaviours.[12] For instance, the development of engineered industrial wood products (ex: MDF, or cross-laminated-timber) came as a response to the heterogeneous composition of wood. These wood products are capable of producing a material that is much more homogenous and which provides isotropic material characteristics. Unfortunately, the design opportunities that could be made possible using the innate heterogeneous characteristics of wood are too often overlooked in todays construction projects. In fact, particularly in North America, the construction material of wood is often no longer referred to as such. Instead, wood is referred to as a dimensional building element, such as a ‘24’. The aim of this research is to propose an alternative approach to design which views wood’s complex material composition and related behaviours as advantageous rather than problematic. Such an integrated design approach can perhaps contribute towards a renewed appreciation for the behavioral capacities of wood and the rich design opportunities that can be realized thanks to the natural anatomy of this material. Three-ply plywood and veneer are unmistakably industrially-produced materials. However, unlike other industrially-produced materials such as steel, glass, plastic, MDF or particle board, three-ply plywood and veneer are anisotropic materials. This signifies that the properties and behaviours of these materials vary significantly in relation to the fiber direction. For example, veneer and plywood encounter considerable differences in stiffness depending on the grain direction. The compressive strength of wood differs significantly depending on grain direction, as do most of its other mechanical and material properties. The following section details the manufacturing process of veneer and plywood in order to better understand the material exploration that will be presented in Chapter 3. Plywood may appear to be a relatively new industrially-produced wood product, however its concept is in fact very old and can be traced back to more than 5,000 years. Before the word â€Å"plywood† was invented in the 1920s, the process was referred to as veneering. One of the earliest traces of plywood was found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun, an Egyptian Pharaoh who ruled around the year 1334 BC. The discovered pieces of plywood were remains of coffins made of six layers of wood, each 4mm thick and held together by glue and wooden pegs.[13] The plywood remains were fabricated using the same fundamental techniques as today. Like modern plywood, the grains of the layers where arranged perpendicularly with each layer for strength[14] (ill.26). From this period onwards, veneering techniques became increasingly widespread throughout the world. Thanks to the development of tools and technology over the years, veneer thicknesses were reduced and new adhesives (ex: glue made from b one, sinew and cartilage) were used to bond the layers together with heat.[15] Although plywood is made much in the same way today, modernized adhesion techniques and tools used in its production have improved significantly, making it one of the most affordable and easily-produced building materials. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in the production of plywood. The typical sequence of operation involved in the production of plywood is as follows: There exists a long standing discourse on the subject of sheet materials in architecture, in part because these are so ubiquitous in conventional construction. Expanding the understanding of these materials is valuable to the architectural profession, as it allows one to discover new potentials concerning materials which are already familiar. Being a sheet material, plywood thus offers many advantages as a subject of research and experimentation. Like other sheet materials, it can facilitate the creation of complex geometry using initially planar elements. Three-ply plywood is the material of choice for this thesis due to its ability to offer high amounts of flexibility in one direction, without compromising its strength. Three-ply plywood, as previously described, is made up of odd layers, two of which are oriented in one direction, while the center layer lies perpendicularly to the outer layers. Thus, due to the predominant fiber direction present in the two outer layers, three-ply plywood possesses a natural tendency to bend perpendicularly to this grain direction. The core of the assembly, otherwise known as the center layer, provides strength to the assembly by offering resistance to the predominant fiber direction. As a result, the plywood assembly is less likely to break or snap when being bent because it is reinforced by one interior sheet containing fibers running perpendicular to the outer layers. Knowledge of the manufacturing process for plywood is important for this research because it provides an introduction to lamination techniques that can be further utilized in the material investigations and implementations that will follow. The process described above elaborates on the procedure involved in the mass-produced manufacturing of flat plywood sheets used in the building industry. However, the process of lamination need not strictly apply to planar surfaces, but also to the development of three-dimensional forms. [1] J. M. Dinwoodie, Timber: Its Nature and Behaviour (London: EFN Spon, 2000). [2] T. Herzog, Holzbau Atlas (Basel: Birkhà ¤user, 2003). [3] A. Alcorn, Embodied Energy Coefficients of Building Materials (Wellington: Centre for Building Performance Research, 1996), 92. [4] Joseph Kolb, Systems in Timber Engineering: Loadbearing Structures and Component Layers (Basel: Birkhà ¤user, 2008), 19. [5] J.E Gordon, Structure (Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2003). [6] A Resource That Lasts Forever, last modified July 23, 2014, http://www.greenwoodresources.com/ [7] Barnett and Jeronimidis, Wood Quality and its Biological Basis (Oxford: Blackwell CRC Press, 2003). [8] Composite Materials Natural Woods. Last modified July 23, 2014, http://www.technologystudent.com/joints/composit1.html. â€Å"Composite materials, sometimes referred to as composites, are materials composed of two or more component parts. These component parts may have different physical or chemical properties and when carefully inspected, they appear as separate parts, bonded together, forming a composite material. [9] R. Bruce Hoadley, Understanding Wood: A Craftsmans Guide to Wood Technology (Newtown, Conn.: Taunton Press, 2000). [10] R. Wagenfà ¼hr, Anatomie des Holzes : Strukturanalytik, Identifizierung, Nomenklatur, Mikrotechnologie (Leinfelden-Echterdingen: DRW-Verlag, 1999). [11] R. Wagenfà ¼hr, Anatomie des Holzes : Strukturanalytik, Identifizierung, Nomenklatur, Mikrotechnologie (Leinfelden-Echterdingen: DRW-Verlag, 1999). [12] T. Herzog, Holzbau Atlas. (Basel: Birkhà ¤user, 2003). [13] Lucas A. and Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries (Dover Publications; 4th edition, 2011), 451. [14] H. Taylor John, Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt (Chicago: U of Chicago, 2001), 218. [15] L. Patrick Robert and Minford J. Dean, Treatise on Adhesion and Adhesives (CRC Press, 1991), 3.

Life-cycle :: essays research papers

Amidst the â€Å"hot pies and potato-chips†, â€Å"innocent monsters† and â€Å"resurgent lions†, Dawe effectively illustrates Victorian popular culture in the poem â€Å"Life-cycle†. Generally speaking, the subject matter is associated with Victorian lifestyle, notwithstanding the prevalent reference specifically to AFL football. Humour and good intentions counterbalance sentiments of condescending ridicule. Dawe flippantly suggests that â€Å"the tides of life will be the tides of the home-team’s fortunes†. Whilst some may be inclined to assume that Dawe is merely mocking a preoccupied Victorian society, it is worth mentioning that his criticisms are far from hostile. In fact, it would be fair to say that they are detailed with an affectionate and benevolent disposition. Whimsically, Dawe depicts a solitary culture conditioned by an overwhelming fascination with AFL football. The insinuation that Victorians are born into football loyalty, similar to that of religion, suggests that Dawe possesses the unique ability to detect similarities in events that are generally opaque to the standard eye. Biblical references throughout the poem cast an additional dimension in the audience’s minds. The mention of the â€Å"empyrean† and the booming of the commentator from the stands could arguably be hypothesised as having a religious underpinning. In a biblical sense, â€Å"empyrean† means the highest heaven and the booming commentator could likewise be compared with a religious God – an Almighty all-seeing onlooker. Dawe further develops comparisons in the form of non-religious similes. For example, the comparison between â€Å"rippling minds† and â€Å"streamers†, and for descriptive purposes, children are defined as â €Å"little monsters who have been years swimming towards the daylight’s roaring empyrean†. The relationship fabricated between Dawe and his audience is far more personal than that achieved by similar poets. The language is seemingly colloquial, vernacular and familiar to everyday Australians, despite the occasional rise of cerebral biblical dialect. Dawe utilises are variety of poetic devices to convey a powerful sense of imagery. The deliberate exaggeration for dramatic effect (otherwise known as a hyperbole) is used in the phrase â€Å"the pure flood of sound†. In this instance, the obvious exaggeration encourages a greater sense of aural imagery. In terms of visual imagery, descriptions of â€Å"club-colours†, â€Å"beribboned cots† and hoisting children shoulder-high, enables the reader to gain a perceptive appreciation of what football loyalty entails. The symbolic application of the â€Å"litter Tiger†, â€Å"resurgent lions†, Demons and Saints, highlight the obvious significance of football mascots. Alliteration such as â€Å"passion persisting† emphasises the strong emotional attachment that football followers rightfully possess.

An Road Accident Essay

It looked as if a storm was approaching. I was standing at a cross-road traffic junction, waiting to cross the road. I have always observed that particular cross-road to be extremely busy, with vehicles constantly on the move. I was headed towards the bus stop across the street, so I turned in the opposite direction of the cross-road to see if my bus was coming. As I turned back to have a look at the cross-road, I saw a flashy yellow sports car trying to beat the red light. Before I knew it, I heard a thunderous heart-stopping crash. The sports car had slammed head on into a green van right in the middle of the large intersection. Shattered windscreen glass was strewn all over the junction and the passers-by crowded round the scene. I saw one girl rushing to the telephone to report the accident. For a minute or two, nothing happened. Then, a man got out of the green van. His van was completely smashed in on the side of the collision. He looked shaken and furious. He walked over to the yellow car only to find that the driver was unconscious. Some helpful people went to the middle of the road to help the unconscious man out of his car. The police and the ambulance arrived at about the same time. They noted down the positions of the vehicles and began asking for witnesses to the accident. I volunteered to give some details since I had seen the whole thing. I did not have time to think about missing my bus.

Functions And Classification Of Operating Systems Essay Example

Functions And Classification Of Operating Systems Essay Example Functions And Classification Of Operating Systems Essay Functions And Classification Of Operating Systems Essay The OS is the system package that controls the overall operation of the computing machine system. It manages the affiliated hardware, provides a platform to run application plans and an interface for users to interact with the computing machine system. It is responsible for recognizing and organizing memory devices, I/O devices and treating devices. Figure 10.1 displays the function of OS in the computing machine system. An OS provides two types of interfaces: Graphical User Interface ( GUI ) and Command Line Interface ( CLI ) . An OS responds and provides services to the users. Figure 10.1: Functions of OS in the Computer System 10.1.1 Functions of OS : An OS is the indispensable package in the computing machine system. It performs several undertakings to maintain the application package, hardware devices and users of the computing machine system coordination. The OS performs the undermentioned maps: Information Management Information direction refers to the set of services used for recovering, hive awaying, modifying and canceling informations from devices. It has two subsystems, file direction and I/O direction. Process Management Procedure direction is responsible for administering CPU clip between procedures. It besides involves pull offing memory and I/O resources across the procedure in the computing machine system. Memory Management Memory direction controls memory use. At any given case, memory direction keeps path available infinite to hive away the information. Application Programing Interface ( API ) The API assigns entree to application package on all connected hardware devices. User Interface User Interface provides interaction between the computing machine system and users. 10.2 Development of OS Operating systems evolved in seven stages. The six stages viz. unfastened store, batch processing, concurrent execution, timesharing, personal computer science and distributed systems, changed the manner users accessed the OS. Concurrent programming brings multiple innovations to do resource direction effectual. Table 10.2 shows stages and proficient development of an OS. An development of OS started from 1954, when Computer system had non OS, users use to run computing machine system manually. Phases of OS development of are as follows: Open Shop Open Shop introduced IBM 701 that was implemented the on celebrated IBM 701 machine. First user has to do apparatus as per the demand for each computer science. However, in this stage clip and money wasted in puting up machine manual. Users got fixed clip for calculating, although most of the clip was spent puting up the machine manually. Batch Processing Wastage of clip and money in the unfastened store stage was a consequence of user engagement. In this stage, it was clear that normal users were to be kept off from the calculating procedure. This stage besides revealed that the OS was capable of scheduling. Normal users put their occupations on a clout card merely to be processed by computing machine professionals subsequently. The BKS system was the released in this stage. Multiprogramming The aim of concurrent execution was to maintain the CPU every bit busy as possible to use its processing capacity wholly. At the initial phase of multiprogramming stage, the thought was to maintain following plan ready in the memory from where the CPU could take it up instantly. However, in the same stage, hardware interrupts were introduced. Hardware interrupts facilitated shift of procedures. The construct of hardware interrupts made multiprogramming more successful. It besides permitted I/O devices and treating devices to work at the same time. This procedure was called coincident peripheral operation on-line. The constructs of job-scheduling, demand paging, practical memory were introduced in the same stage. Atlas supervisor, B5000 system, Exec II system and Egdon systems were introduced in the concurrent execution stage. Time Sharing Time-sharing allowed processors to go to to petitions from other users while one user was busy executing some I/O map. This manner the CPU could go to to multiple procedures every bit good as users in lesser clip spans. CTSS, Multics File system, Titan File system and UNIX were introduced in this stage. Concurrent The concurrent stage introduced the characteristic of running multiple undertakings at a clip called as multitasking. THE system, RC 4000 system, Venus system, Boss 2 system, Solo system, and Solo Program Text, were the concurrent OS introduced back so. Personal Computing In the personal computer science stage of development, user convenience was on the precedence than recourse direction. The GUI based OS and mouse based interactivity were introduced in this stage merely. OS, Alto system, Pilot system and star user interface were introduced in this stage. Distributed Systems This stage includes computer-networking constituents that enable message go throughing within computing machines and distant process call. WFS File waiters, Unix United RPC, Unix United system and Amoeba systems were launched in this stage. Phase Technical Development Operating System Phase 1: Open Shop An thought of operating systems 1. IBM 701 unfastened store ( 1954 ) Phase 2: Batch Processing Tape batching First-In First-Out and scheduling 2. BKS system ( 1961 ) Phase 3: Multiprogramming Processor multiplexing, Indivisible operations, Demand paging, Input/output spooling, Priority programming and Distant occupation entry 3. Atlas supervisor ( 1961 ) 4. B5000 system ( 1964 ) 5. Exec II system ( 1966 ) 6. Eldon system ( 1966 ) Phase 4: Timesharing Coincident user, interaction and On-line file systems 7. CTSS ( 1962 ) 8. Multics File system ( 1965 ) 9. Titan File system ( 1972 ) 10. Unix ( 1974 ) Phase 5: Concurrent Programing Hierarchical systems, Extensile meats, Parallel programming constructs and Secure analogue linguistic communications 11. THE system ( 1968 ) 12. RC 4000 system ( 1969 ) 13. Venus system ( 1972 ) 14. Boss 2 system ( 1975 ) 15. Solo system ( 1976 ) 16. Solo plan text ( 1976 ) Phase 6: Personal Computer science Graphic user interfaces 17. OS 6 ( 1972 ) 18. Alto system ( 1979 ) 19. Pilot system ( 1980 ) 20. Star user interface ( 1982 ) Phase 7: Distributed Systems Distant waiters 21. WFS File waiter ( 1979 ) 22. Unix United RPC ( 1982 ) 23. Unix United system ( 1982 ) 24. Amoeba system ( 1990 ) Table 10.1: Development of OS 10.3 OS Kernel and shell Every OS consists of a meat and shell. The shell is the user interface, either a CLI or a GUI. This allows the user to login and utilize the computing machine system. The meat is the nucleus of an OS. The OS meat is more complex and is hard to work with straight, therefore the meat is wrapped in a shell A meat consists of the followers: File Manager- A file director provides interface for user to work with file. It performs actions on files such as create, edit, rename, unfastened, edit and so on.. In add-on, it maintains size and permissions about files that are available on the system. Device Driver . Device driver is a plans that controls a specific hardware devices. Each device has alone driver that converts user petition for device to specific cryptography. Memory Manager The memory director responsible for optimal use of the system memory. It allocates and de-allocates memory for hive awaying informations and plans. Scheduler- The scheduler maintains records of present procedures put to deathing by the OS and adds new procedures to the OS. Dispatcher The starter manages procedures. It divides clip into little part such as 50 second, when the clip part is over ; dispatcher allows following procedure to run. 10.4 Categorization of OS Oss have been classified based on parametric quantities such as figure of users that at the same time used the computing machine system, the figure of procedure that OS performs at a clip, and the figure of togss that OS can manage at a clip. The categorization is as follows: Single-User A single-user operating system allows merely one user to login the computing machine system. Single-user OS are intended for place users merely. Multi-user Thie multi-user OS allows multiple users to login and use the computing machine system. In this instance, the OS allocates different resources for each user so that any a job with one user does non impact other users. Single-task The single-task OS permits merely one procedure to run at a clip. Multi-tasking The multi-tasking OS permits multiple plans to put to death at the same clip. Users can run more than one undertaking at a clip. However, as multiple procedures runs at the same clip, this type of OS requires more memory. Multi-tasking OS semen in two theoretical accounts. They are: Time-sharing operating system -Time-sharing OSs usage algorithms to portion CPU clip between multiple procedures. This method creates an semblance that the CPU is put to deathing multiple procedures at the same time. Real-time operating system The real-time operating system is used to command industrial systems and scientific instruments. This type of OS manages computing machine system resources in a manner that specific operation should put to death in precise clip, every time.. 10.5 Operational overview On the boot, an OS makes certain that the system has the required hardware and package. When a user petitions for a resource such as IO or any application plan, the OS cheques permission and so decides whether to allow that petition or deny it. In a multi-user system, the OS agendas resources in a manner that ensures their handiness on petition. The OS records mistakes happening in the procedure. The OS should enter the mistake. The OS supports networking operations excessively. Devicess involved in OS operation are as follows: CPU A computing machine system supports several maps that should run at the same time. It might possible that multiple users are running their plans at the same case. The OS ensures that each user gets sufficient CPU clip to put to death the undertaking. Memory The OS helps users topographic point and recover informations from the primary memory. The OS besides takes attention of user informations that is stored in the secondary memory. Data in the secondary memory is brought to the primary memory on user petition. I/O devices The OS facilitates communicating with all I/O devices. It uses interrupt signals for the same. 10.6 Servicess Offered by OS The major aims of an OS are to do calculating convenient, run application plans and pull off the assorted resources. To accomplish these aims OS provide several services, they are as follows: Program Execution The OS provides users with a convenient environment to put to death plans. The user merely needs to originate plan executing while the OS takes attention of memory allotment for successful executing of the plan. I/O Operations Every procedure involves I/O operations ; nevertheless, internal I/O operations are non seeable to users. OS control all I/O operations. User may alter the default flow I/O operation, therefore for security grounds user are non involved in the I/O operation. File System Manipulation File system use, enables users to make or pull strings files in the OS environment without cognizing physical features of the device. Communicationss At times procedures need to pass on with each other to interchange information. This communicating could be between procedures put to deathing on the same computing machine or processes put to deathing on different computing machine systems. A communicating service enables computing machine system to interchange the procedure with other computing machine systems. Error Detection An mistake in the computing machine system leads to misfunctioning. The OS proctors computing machine systems for mistakes. 10.7 Chapter Review Questions GUI stands for ________________ . ( A ) Graphical User Interface ( C ) Graphical User Interaction ( B ) Group and User Interaction ( D ) None of the above Autonomic nervous system: A Which map of the OS is responsible for pull offing user s informations in the computing machine system? ( A ) Memory Management ( C ) Information Management ( B ) Process Management ( D ) Application Management Ands: Degree centigrade A __________ map allows users to interact with computing machine system. ( A ) Memory Management ( C ) Application Management ( B ) User Interaction ( D ) Information Management Autonomic nervous system: Bacillus A  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­__________phase of the OS development invents hardware interrupts. ( A ) Timesharing ( C ) Multi Programing ( B ) Concurrent Programing ( D ) None of the above Autonomic nervous system: Degree centigrade Which of the followers is an operating system s nucleus bed? ( A ) Kernels ( C ) Shell ( B ) Device Drivers ( D ) None of these Autonomic nervous system: A Which constituent of the meat maintains records of current procedures, adds new procedures, and removes complex procedures. ( A ) Device Drivers ( C ) Starter ( B ) Scheduler ( D ) None of these Autonomic nervous system: Bacillus Which of the following are theoretical accounts of multitasking OS? ( A ) Timesharing OS ( C ) Real-time OS ( B ) Thread sharing OS ( D ) Real-process OS Autonomic nervous system: A and C 8. CLI stands for ________________________ . ( A ) Command Line Interaction ( C ) Common Line Interface ( B ) Command Line Interface ( D ) Common Line Interaction Autonomic nervous system: Bacillus 9. Which service of an OS allows users to pass on with other computing machines? ( A ) Communicationss ( C ) Program Execution ( B ) Mistake Detection ( D ) I/O Operationss Autonomic nervous system: A 10. A __________component of OS kernel is responsible for pass oning with devices. ( A ) File Manager ( C ) Device Drivers ( B ) Device director ( D ) None of these Autonomic nervous system: Degree centigrade 10.7.1 Answers 1. Angstrom 2. C 3. Bacillus 4. C 5. Angstrom 6. Bacillus 7. A and C 8. Bacillus 9. Angstrom 10. C Drumhead In the chapter, Introduction to Operating System, you learnt about: OS and undertakings performed by the OS Development and categorization of OSs Different maps of the OS Servicess offered by the OS

Advertising strategies of Pepsi-Cola

Advertising strategies of Pepsi-Cola Advertising strategies of Pepsi-ColaPepsi-Cola, produced in 1898, has had relatively successful history with the American society. According to an article titled "Coca-Cola," "Coke lost market share to competitor Pepsi-Cola, produced by PepsiCo, which for the first time topped Coca-Cola in sales" (par. 3). In 1954 an array of advertisements came about beginning with the slogan "The Light Refreshment" which later on incorporated "Refreshing Without Filling". After viewing an array of advertisements from this time period, it is clear that these slogans intended to appeal to upper class, wealthy individuals and women who were concerned with their weight. According to a web article entitled "The Evolution of Pepsi: From Sophistication to Sexiness," "At Pepsi's beginning, the marketers targeted the American woman's concern of enhancing her sophisticated and feminine appeal, reflecting America's idealized notion of beauty" (Reimer, Humble, Seldin). However, in 1984 Pepsi launched their new advertisement tactic "Pepsi.Seldin's, 419 Lafayette St., Utica, N. Y.The Choice of a New Generation" which greatly incorporated the use of sex appeal. Pepsi's main reasoning for this seems to have been that they believed that the society was transforming into a more sex driven place, therefore, incorporating sex would increase product sales. Pepsi's advertising has been geared toward the idea of wealth, weight loss, and the use of sex appeal in order successfully gross large sales for their product, however, they have done so by deceivingly making faulty promises that their product cannot keep.A specific advertisement with the "Light Refreshment" slogan from the year 1960 displays a male and female who appears to be very classy and wealthy. The male is sitting in front of the piano and the female is lustfully pointing her finger towards the male while holding a glass of Pepsi in her hand. One noticeable symbol in the advertisement is the...

Syndetonâ€Definition and Examples

Syndetons Syndeton is a  rhetorical term for a sentence style in which words, phrases, or clauses are joined by conjunctions (usually and). A construction that uses many conjunctions is called polysyndetic. Examples and Observations At the marina, rain, and steam rising from the bay shrouded boats and birds, and made the few scurrying people indistinct.Blaize Clement, Raining Cat Sitters and Dogs. Minotaur Books, 2010I crawled back under the cover of the boat and huddled there, wet, cold and sobbing.Sam McKinney, Sailing Uphill. Touchwood, 2010The fine rain made a desolate, even sound like breathing in the pinewoods, and below, milky layers of mist covered the lake, and were stained here and there by the darkness of the water beneath.Elizabeth Bowen, Salon des DamesYou are talking to a man who has laughed in the face of death, sneered at doom, and chuckled at catastrophe.The Wizard in The Wizard of Oz, 1939Rain on all the silent streets and squares, alleys and courts, gardens and churchyards and stone steps and nooks and crannies of the city.Susan Hill, The Mist in the Mirror. Sinclair-Stevenson, 1992 Polysyndeton​​ He and Rawlins had unsaddled the horses and turned them out in the dark and they were lying on the saddle blankets and using the saddles for pillows. The night was cold and clear and the sparks rising from the fire raced hot and red among the stars. They could hear the trucks out on the highway and they could see the lights of the town reflected off the desert fifteen miles to the north.Cormac McCarthy, All the Pretty Horses. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992 Marking Coordination Coordination is usually but not invariably marked by one or more coordinators. Three patterns to be distinguished are shown in (6): (6) i SIMPLE SYNDETIC You need [celery, apples, walnuts, and grapes].(6) ii POLYSYNDETIC You need [celery and apples and walnuts and grapes].(6) iii ASYNDETIC You need [celery, apples, walnuts, grapes]. The major contrast is between syndetic coordination, which contains at least one coordinator, and asyndetic coordination, which does not. In constructions with more than two coordinates, there is a further contrast within syndetic coordination between the default simple syndetic, which has a single coordinator marking the final coordinate, and polysyndetic, where all non-initial coordinates are marked by a coordinator (which must be the same for all of them). The coordinator forms a constituent with the coordinator which follows: we refer to expressions like and grapes as an expanded coordinate, with grapes itself a bare coordinate.Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, Coordination and Subordination. The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April M. S. McMahon. Blackwell, 2006

Higher and Individual Education Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Higher and Individual Education Schools - Essay Example As the report declares schools of higher education are similar in many aspects, which many people are aware of including registration processes, teaching programs and the relationship between students. This is irrespective of whether they are universities, middle level colleges or community schools. Other similarities across the schools that offer higher education include the use of cards to enter various departments and to access various facilities such as libraries and computer rooms, the selection of courses according to one’s abilities, interests and talents in addition to the use of course timetable with respect to place, time and classroom.This paper stresses that  these schools of higher education are not deficient of differences, some of the notable ones being in matters pertaining to accommodation and meals. As regards students’ accommodation, all schools admit students based on bed capacity. However, it is clear that owing to the eminent limitation of space and student hostels, many colleges have allowed students to seek accommodation outside of their school confines, which means that students operate from outside the school, completely independent of the school management. This has become very attractive and students in these schools have now preferred even to share a house out of the school confines and operate from there than to have accommodation in the school premises.

Limitations to Financial Reporting Institute of Chartered Accountants Essay

Limitations to Financial Reporting Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales - Essay Example Limitations to Financial Reporting Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales The institution has identified a number of limitations with the present day financial reporting system such as disclosure of intangible asset values, the justification of fair value assumptions made and so on. The report is written from the perspective of accounts managers who perceive the regulatory environment for preparing financial reports. The report analyses the limitations faced by accounts managers in the current accounting and regulatory environment and the required changes necessary to improve the quality of reporting. One of the prime limitations of the financial reporting system is identified to be the lack of existence of a single static model of reporting. Different jurisdictions are seen to have established differential requirements associated with financial reporting. Accounts managers, who have evaluated the financial regulations and their shortcomings, believe that such a crucial step reduces the integrity issue associated with accounting and its reporting. It is also seen that the jurisdictions established are governed by different regulatory authorities, leading to differences in the manner in which governance is executed. On the basis of size, ownership and business activity, governance and reporting of business activities are seen to differ. The requirements established in terms of reporting are seen to alter form year to year.

Process-Analysis Essay on How to Ask Someone Out

Process-Analysis on How to Ask Someone Out - Essay Example In order to prepare to ask someone out, it is important to get to know that person a bit better first, perform random acts of kindness for them, and gauge their opinion of you before you ask them out.The first step in asking someone out is to get to know them beforehand. The reason for this is simple—you will be able to see what their personality is like and also you can judge whether he or she would be a waste of your time or not. The purpose of learning more about their personality is to that you can figure out if the other person will be compatible with you. Too many people take the plunge without realizing that it would never work out due to a personality clash. From this point, you can decide whether to push ahead with your plans or not.The second step to ask someone out is to be noticed by them. There is no point in asking someone out if they don't really know who you are because they will likely say no. Try to get their attention by performing random acts of kindness fo r them, but don't go overboard because otherwise, it will look like you are trying too hard. Getting the right balance is crucial because this will either help them to catch your attention or it will turn them right off you.The final step of the process to ask someone out is to figure out if there is a chance for a connection or not. This can only be done once all the other steps have been completed because there will be moments when you can see what a potential relationship will look like. If you feel that there is a high chance of receiving a successful response, then go ahead and ask your crush out. If, however, you don't feel like you will receive a positive response then either go back to one of the previous steps and try again or simply move on from that person.

How to Use the Social Media as a Platform for Employees to Raise Assignment

How to Use the Social Media as a Platform for Employees to Raise Grievances and Share Knowledge - Assignment Example Many people interact with others in the virtue communities using social media. However, social media can be used by the organization to enable employees to raise grievances and share information, which can benefit other employees in the organization. According to previous studies conducted on the benefits of social media, this problem has never been addressed, and is, that many people spend their time in the social communities there is a need to tap the energy and use it for the good of the organization. Many inconsistencies in the literature have been identified when it comes to the identification of how social media can be in the organization to achieve productivity. Therefore, the research is designed to answer a recommended future resea5rch question. The significance of the study is to identify how social media can be sued in an organization to achieve information sharing and raising grievances. This is because several employees have difficulty raising grievances in the organization, as their employees may be discriminatory. Therefore, by using social media employees can raise their grievances to the upper management; hence, ensuring that their grievances will be raised. According to, the use of scorecard on the social network that can use to help the organization in identifying new ways to improve knowledge flows. The information flow in the organization can be linked to communication media that is equal in all working environments.  The significance of the study is to identify how social media can be sued in organization to achieve information sharing and raising grievances. This is because several employees have difficulty raising grievances in the organization, as their employees may be discriminatory.  

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection paper - Essay Example In addition, such a culture will attract investors that keep the share price high thus protecting the business from takeover (The Times 100, 2002). The biggest challenge that financial planners are primarily faced with is selecting the mode of compensation, this is where financial planners are categorized into two, which are commission-based planners and fee-based planners. The main difference between the two is that commission-based planners are subject to a constant commission for every transaction, whereas fee -based planners are entitled to a commission based on the assets for which they have been made responsible. The ethical dilemma for commission-based planners arises from the temptation to generate additional transactions regardless of there being no actual sales done. This is because their income is independent of any gains made on the overall portfolio of a business. As for fees-based planners, their ethical dilemma stems from the fact that their income comes from their abi lity to grow an investment. This implies that they would be motivated to make use of aggressive investment strategies that may be unethical (Cussen, 2012). Therefore, it is evident that financial planners require a tool to guide their actions and develop a relationship of trust with clients. This is because they have to make their own benefits a secondary concern to that of clients. On the other hand, they are faced with responsibility of ensuring their clients make financially sound decisions regarding their investments rather than basing their decisions on emotions. In this case, the ethical dilemma arises where the financial planner has to insist on a particular investment choice, all for the benefit of the client, but in so far as, it does not come out as fear-induced. The financial planner has to illustrate to the client the benefits of an investment decision as realistically as possible without striking fear in them. Many investment companies have resulted in making their fina ncial planners sign a disclaimer in order to protect them from clients who may come up and say that they were not given sufficient advice regarding a particular investment choice (Cussen, 2012). Nevertheless, financial planners are bound to act according to the seven ethical principles established by Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards and the Financial Planning Association. They are Integrity, Objectivity, Competence, Fairness, Confidentiality, Professionalism and Diligence; therefore, upholding these principles will create a relationship of trust between financial planners and their clients. This is because the client will be assured that their best interests will be paramount to any procedures employed or proposals made. The client does have the burden of looking into a financial planner’s prior relationships with other clients in order to evaluate their performance properly and behavior (Gambone, n.d). There are ten must-do’s for developing a financial p lanning practice that include: Selecting a practice structure- this refers to a mode of operation which may either be a sole proprietorship, corporation or partnership; depending on the financial pla

Should the legislature of the state of texas pass senate bill 11 and Essay

Should the legislature of the state of texas pass senate bill 11 and senate bill 17 - Essay Example The two bills that were discussed were the SB 11, the campus carry bill and SB 17, the open carry bill (Habib 43). The bills passed and forwarded to the committee and the Senate respectively for considerations to be done. The Texas Moms Demand Action Chapter for the American Presidents Gun Sense has been advocating some strict gun regulations (Hupp 45). The president has had the chance to testify at the end of the day opposing both the SB 11 and SB 17 bills. The bills operate by expounding the system of the state for hidden handgun licenses. The system allows for those who are over the age of 21 to pass a check on criminal background and complete the safety and proficiency training to be allowed to carry concealed handguns (Lott 18). The SB 11 bill if passed will allow for those who have qualified for a CHL to carry their guns even inside the classrooms of buildings on college campuses. Presently, those who hold the CHL may carry the guns on campus but they are not allowed to carry them on the college buildings. The laws on taxes also allow the holders to carry other long guns such as the shotguns and rifles (Smith 25). The SB 17 bill, on the other hand, will expand the existing laws to allow the CHL holders to carry their handguns openly. Consequently, the topic of whether those who hold CHL tend to be law abiding and safe is paramount for the lawmakers to put into consideration as they debate on passing the two bills (Ludwig and Lott 20). The Texas based public security department has also posted the conviction rates done to the CHL holders compared to the general population of Texas on their website that date way back from 1996. Although, the DPS does not in any case consider the convictions made to the CHL h olders to be final until a year elapses after the convictions have been made (Tanne 14). The time is given to allow appeals to be done and to generate the reports at

How to Use the Social Media as a Platform for Employees to Raise Assignment

How to Use the Social Media as a Platform for Employees to Raise Grievances and Share Knowledge - Assignment Example Many people interact with others in the virtue communities using social media. However, social media can be used by the organization to enable employees to raise grievances and share information, which can benefit other employees in the organization. According to previous studies conducted on the benefits of social media, this problem has never been addressed, and is, that many people spend their time in the social communities there is a need to tap the energy and use it for the good of the organization. Many inconsistencies in the literature have been identified when it comes to the identification of how social media can be in the organization to achieve productivity. Therefore, the research is designed to answer a recommended future resea5rch question. The significance of the study is to identify how social media can be sued in an organization to achieve information sharing and raising grievances. This is because several employees have difficulty raising grievances in the organization, as their employees may be discriminatory. Therefore, by using social media employees can raise their grievances to the upper management; hence, ensuring that their grievances will be raised. According to, the use of scorecard on the social network that can use to help the organization in identifying new ways to improve knowledge flows. The information flow in the organization can be linked to communication media that is equal in all working environments.  The significance of the study is to identify how social media can be sued in organization to achieve information sharing and raising grievances. This is because several employees have difficulty raising grievances in the organization, as their employees may be discriminatory.  

Should the legislature of the state of texas pass senate bill 11 and Essay

Should the legislature of the state of texas pass senate bill 11 and senate bill 17 - Essay Example The two bills that were discussed were the SB 11, the campus carry bill and SB 17, the open carry bill (Habib 43). The bills passed and forwarded to the committee and the Senate respectively for considerations to be done. The Texas Moms Demand Action Chapter for the American Presidents Gun Sense has been advocating some strict gun regulations (Hupp 45). The president has had the chance to testify at the end of the day opposing both the SB 11 and SB 17 bills. The bills operate by expounding the system of the state for hidden handgun licenses. The system allows for those who are over the age of 21 to pass a check on criminal background and complete the safety and proficiency training to be allowed to carry concealed handguns (Lott 18). The SB 11 bill if passed will allow for those who have qualified for a CHL to carry their guns even inside the classrooms of buildings on college campuses. Presently, those who hold the CHL may carry the guns on campus but they are not allowed to carry them on the college buildings. The laws on taxes also allow the holders to carry other long guns such as the shotguns and rifles (Smith 25). The SB 17 bill, on the other hand, will expand the existing laws to allow the CHL holders to carry their handguns openly. Consequently, the topic of whether those who hold CHL tend to be law abiding and safe is paramount for the lawmakers to put into consideration as they debate on passing the two bills (Ludwig and Lott 20). The Texas based public security department has also posted the conviction rates done to the CHL holders compared to the general population of Texas on their website that date way back from 1996. Although, the DPS does not in any case consider the convictions made to the CHL h olders to be final until a year elapses after the convictions have been made (Tanne 14). The time is given to allow appeals to be done and to generate the reports at

The Odyssey in Comparison With “My Father on His Shield” Essay Example for Free

The Odyssey in Comparison With â€Å"My Father on His Shield† Essay Often in literature, writers unintentionally create works that tie very well with one another. Two works that connect well are The Odyssey by Homer, translated by Robert Fizgerald, and â€Å"My Father on His Shield,† by Walt McDonald. While McDonald’s poem underscores the tone of mourning and sorrow by the main character, Homer’s work elucidates the tone of animosity and hurt. As previously stated, the tone of McDonald’s poem, â€Å"My Father on His Shield† is one of mourning and grief. The speaker of the poem is grieving his father who he lost to battle and experiences struggles in coping with it all. McDonald’s details about the sled mentioned in the poem reflect the closeness that was once there between the speaker and his father, in addition to the level of importance the speaker’s father had in his life. The use of diction by McDonald also emphasizes the speaker’s mourning, often accompanied by nostalgia, by implicating the repetition of the words â€Å"I remember† throughout the poem. This constant remembrance expresses the speaker’s difficulty coming to terms with his father’s death. In contrast with McDonald’s poem, Homer’s work, The Odyssey, exhibits a tone filled more with animosity and heartache rather than the previous, more somber and mournful feel. The main character, thus far, is named Telemakhos. The character’s father has been gone for many years without returning or sending any messages, causing the boy and his mother to wonder whether he has died, or if he is gone because he does not wish to return. By the use of detail, readers are able to find out that as a result of his father’s extended absence, a number of suitors have begun to take free reign over their home and all of their property, seeking to marry the possible widow. Homer uses diction in order to indicate the Telemoakhos’ animosity towards his father: Friend, let me put it in the plainest way. My mother says I am his son; I know notsurely.Who has known his own engendering? I wish at least I had some happy man as afather,growing old in his own house – unknown death and silence are the fate of him that, sinceyou ask, they call my father. (Homer 8) Telemakhos is saying that although his mother and everyone say Odysseus is his father, he does not feel that way because he lacks any memory of him. He wishes he could have his father in his life, and is bothered by the fact he hasn’t the slightest bit of knowledge in regards to the whereabouts of his father. Telemakhos and the speaker in the poem by McDonald share similar experiences. They both are dealing with the absence of their fathers who both partook in the military. However, the speaker in the poem actually knows for a fact his father has died, which may be why he copes with the lack of a father better than Telemakhos, solely because he does not need to question whether or not his father isn’t in his life due to sheer carelessness. Because Telemakhos hasn’t the faintest idea of his father’s whereabouts, he is in search for closure, not only for himself, but for his mother and property being destroyed by the savage suitors. Their circumstances are what control the tone in their dialog, allowing the reader to feel the same things the speakers are feeling.

Psychological Changes in Adolescence

Psychological Changes in Adolescence Adolescence is a term usually used to describe transitional period or a passage from childhood to adulthood and in todays context seem to be distinguished by 2 distinct stages: the puberty and transition to adulthood. Todays adolescence seem to be particularly vulnerable because, in addition to physical and psychological changes that an individual goes through, young people are subjected to rapid changes in society and multicultural influences; not the least because of advancement in technology, demography and demands of both, the knowledge and achievement. This is particularly relevant to more advanced, western societies. An early thought in psychoanalysis led by Miller 1950 (cited in Briggs 2008) suggested that adolescence is the age between characterised by puberty (physical changes), mid adolescence (short period of opposition to authority) and late adolescence (leaving the school and becoming an adult). However, the changes occurred post that period exposed a gap in experiences, raising a need for further exploration. These influential changes are reflected in the finding that late adolescence and the transition to adulthood extended considerably in regards to previous assumptions (Briggs 2008). Todays view contradicts that of Miller and alike in understanding that adolescence stretches into mid to late twenties as opposed to teenage years. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that those who accomplish the transition early, at the end of teenage years, may be disadvantaged and at increased risk of social exclusion (Briggs 2008). On the other hand, the onset of puberty itself has changed little for the last fifty years. Contemporary understanding of adolescence also raises the issue of its complexity, sparking the wide debate on accurateness of its earlier description, deepened further by discussion whether there is a need for early intervention. This latter debate divided the community of professionals into two major groups: interventionists and non-interventionists. The interventionists argue that the adolescence is the time of great uncertainty and changes making this group particularly vulnerable; if left unattended, it could influence development itself, educational achievement and the difficulties could persist into the adulthood. The support for interventionists view comes from recent studies that show that most of disorders found in adults, begun in adolescence between the ages of 12 and 24, even though they may not be noticed until the adulthood (Briggs 2008). On the other side we have non-interventionists who believe that the time of stress and turmoil would pass with time and intervention is unnecessary (Briggs 2008). However, there seem to be general consensus within the psychoanalytic world that the adolescents are vulnerable and exposed to risks of anti-social behaviour, a high risk of offending, substance misuse, eating disorders, depression, suicide and inappropriate sexual behaviour. Although these risk factors are present even within the normal development in adolescence for the minority of adolescents, if untreated, it can persist into adulthood. In adolescence, the changes in physique are also accompanied by increased societal demands for conformity, change of school, increased academic demand and so on; therefore this is the period of uncertainty and anxiety. While the majority of adolescents navigate through these changes successfully, for significant minority this period is turbulent and stressful. Individual differences in terms of inner resources to deal with these transitional issues lie within the relationship with adults. These relationships are rooted in the early childhood and could act as determinants of successful or unsuccessful transition. From psychoanalytic point of view, adolescence is the time of powerful changes not only physically, but accompanied by surge of instincts and urges demanding powerful control. In order to examine these inner processes of change we will look into adolescence through two distinct phases: the puberty and the transition to adulthood. The puberty is characterised by changes in physical development and growth spurt. Growth spur describes faster growth rate in weight and height, where girls are noted to enter the growth spur around the age of 10, typically reaching its peak at the age of 12, and more steady growth rate at the age of 13. On the other hand, boys begin the growth spur at around the age of 13 and peak at the age of 14, achieving more stabilized growth rate at the age of 16. In addition to becoming taller and heavier, both sexes assume adult like appearance, with girls growing breasts, widening of hips and for boys broadening of shoulders. Facial features also change in such way that the forehead protrudes while the jaw and the nose become more prominent (Shaffer, Kipp 2006). The puberty is also characterised by sexual maturation, which is quite different in boys and girls. With girls, sexual maturation starts somewhat earlier (before the age of 10) with formation of breast buds, followed by the appearance of pubic hair. With entering the growth spur, the breasts grow faster and sexual organs (vagina and uterus) begin to mature taking adult like forms in its readiness for future motherhood. At around age 12 the girl enters menarche, the time of the first menstruation (Shaffer, Kipp 2006). For boys, sexual maturation starts later at around age of 11 with an enlargement of testes, followed by appearance of pubic hair and penis enlargement. At around age of 13 the production of spermatozoa occurs and ejaculation follows. By the age of 15 most boys would have achieved sexual maturity, rendering them capable of becoming fathers. Somewhat later, facial hair grows and voice changes (Shaffer 2006). It is important to mention that although literature describing puberty varies, in terms of onset, there seem to be general consensus that the earlier growth spur occurs the more dramatic changes become. This seems to be applicable to both sexes. Adolescent physical development is accompanied by many psychological changes. Some of the more obvious psychological changes in adolescence are reflected in growing concern for physical appearance. Girls in particular become more concern with looking pretty and how other people would respond to them, with a hope that they would be seen as attractive. Girls that develop at different pace to the perceived norm are prone to internalising a negative body image. Their reaction to menarche is mixed; they are often excited and confused, especially if they were not told what to expect. On the other hand boys are more likely to welcome body weight in hope that they would become tall, hairy and handsome. What they have in common is preoccupation with physical appearance and mixed feelings about sexual maturity ( Shaffer, Kipp 2006). The sexual maturation and adult like appearance are accompanied by eruption of infantile feelings and a crisis of separating from childhood ways of relating to parents (Blos 1967 cited in Briggs 2008). The prospect of possible parenthood causes identification with the same sex parent, the process called oedipal stage. Sexual urges and passions are revived and the desire for the affection of the opposite sex parent results in unconscious competition for that affection. These urges were present in infancy, however, now they are accompanied by the real possibility of achievement, thus becoming a conflict and destabilising (Briggs 2008). These re-emerging passions and urges demand reconsideration of the relationship with parents and a new dimension of these relationships. Psychoanalytic perspective explain these changes as both, liberating and frightening experience, opening doors to vulnerability and anxiety and developing sense of power. It is also, according to psychoanalytic view, accompanied by identification, separation and loss of childhood relationships (Briggs 2008). These new states of anxiety, vulnerability and power are significant in adolescent development and require particular attention. From the psychoanalytic perspective the adolescence is turbulent because of these new states, which greatly contradicts more common psychological and social perspective that emphasises smooth process of adolescence (Briggs 2008). It is suggested that these turbulent aspects are forgotten and disowned and then projected onto adolescents by adults who do not wish to remind selves on the turbulence once they encountered (Briggs 2008). It is also suggested that the period of adolescence is often idealised or alternatively projected as miserable. Jacobs (1990 cited in Briggs 2008) explains this split as two different stages of adolescence where early adolescence is characterised by misery and turbulence, while the late adolescence is marked by the sense of accomplishments and smooth transition. Briggs demonstrated this idea through the case of Maria, 21 year old self-referred patient. While Maria passed through the teenage years without much of a struggle and in concordance with her parents, at the age of 21, when she achieved financial independence and established professional life, Maria seemed uncertain of her identity, questioning her capacity to be independent in expressing her own opinion. In addition to these observations, it is important not to overlook other influences on the development of adolescence, such as changes that occur in the brain. The understanding of adolescent development has altered taking into consideration of deeper knowledge of neurological changes that take place during this time. According to neuroscience, some of the adolescent behaviour may have its roots in neurological causes. The findings suggest that cognitive abilities needed for mature behaviour are underdeveloped in adolescence. The changes that occur in the brain during the adolescence have effect on regulation, learning and memory. Stressful experiences may have adverse outcomes on brain development, increasing susceptibility to psychopathologies. Advocating enhancement of social and learning environment, the neuroscience suggests that the adverse outcomes could be significantly reduced, even reversed (Briggs 2008). In summary, the biological perspective deepens our understanding of adolescence in a way that indicates the greater need for an integrated approach linking internal, biological, psychological and environmental aspects of adolescent experience. (Briggs 2008). This is to say that the development of the brain increases ability to control behaviour but, the successful execution of that control needs to be facilitated by environmental factors such as stable and supportive relationship with parents. If the environment is filled with adversities, the stress of adolescence could become pathological and in need of an intervention. So far we have discussed biological perspective in conjunction with psychoanalytic view, however it was emphasised that social factors could benefit or damage the normal development of adolescence. This concept of influence of the social context on adolescence is called psychosocial perspective. Some societies mark adolescence with the rite of passage, in western societies this rite of passage does not seem to be either marked or acknowledged. Besides, with extended adolescence the psycho-social context becomes ever more complex. In todays society there is disparage between biological and psychological maturation and transition to adulthood. Patton and Viner ( 2007 cited in Briggs 2008) found this disparage particularly present in the developed world of western societies stating: the development of reproductive capacity and sexual activity precede role transition into parenthood and marriage by more than a decade (p11). This disparage is significant in the way that increases risk and vulnerability of adolescents. In helping a better understanding of this disparage, psychoanalysis relies on the theory of psychosocial development by Erikson. Erikson provided and extension to original model of 5 stages of development described by Freud in a way that accommodated this latency in adolescence by introducing a concept of psychosocial moratorium. The focal point for Erikson is adolescence and the creation of personal identity. The crisis arising during this phase is identity versus role confusion (Papalia and Wendoks-Okds, 1978; Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum 2004). He argued that adolescents are going through many physical, cognitive, and social changes, associated with puberty, and often become confused undermining their self- esteem .This in turn can lead to a psychosocial moratorium, a temporary suspension of activity. According to this theory, the most important task for adolescents involves achieving a conscious sense of individual uniqueness. This means to discover who am I?, and in doing so ado lescents must make some occupational choices or they will remain confused about the roles they should play as adults (Gross 2005; Papalia and Wendoks-Okds, 1978; Shaffer and Kipp 2006). Erikson goes one-step further to identify four kinds of behaviour linked to identity confusion: Negative Identity (which relates to criminal and anti social behaviour as a sense of control and independence from others); Intimacy (which refers to avoidance from fear of losing own fragile sense of identity, often resulting in isolation); The Perspective (which relates to avoidance of planning the future because, doing so means thinking about ramifications of adulthood and evoking anxiety) and Industry (which relates to difficulty in striking a balance, thus results in inability to concentrate) (Cardwell, Clark and Meldrum 2004). The premise for the reformatting was that adolescents identity creation involves crisis and commitment; Crisis occurs through having to re-evaluate previous choices and values, while commitment occurs when the individual takes on a set of roles and beliefs (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum 2004) The moratorium could create additional tension and inner conflict which in turn are met by either by repression or foreclosure . Repression simply is the unwilling yet continued deferment that simply creates more anxiety. Anxiety can turn into development of antisocial behaviour, delinquency, inappropriate sexual behaviour or more severe self-destructive behaviour (e.g suicide, self-harm). Under such a challenge, the experience is one of a split of self images, a loss of center, and a dispersion (Erikson, 1968). These symptoms and the experience of the self as disrupted have been described as the dark and negative side of identity formation, and they are viewed as vital to the identity process (Erikson, 1975). Up until this fifth stage, development depends on what is done to a person.   At this point, development now depends primarily upon what a person does.   An adolescent must struggle to discover and find his or her own identity, while negotiating and struggling with social interactions and fitting in, and developing a sense of morality and right from wrong. Some attempt to delay entrance to adulthood and withdraw from responsibilities (moratorium).   Those unsuccessful with this stage tend to experience role confusion and upheaval.   Adolescents begin to develop a strong affiliation and devotion to ideals, causes, and friends. Description: At this stage, adolescents are in search of an identity that will lead themto adulthood. Adolescents make a strong effort to answer the question Whoam I? Erikson notes the healthy resolution of earlier conflicts can nowserve as a foundation for the search for an identity. If the child overcomesearlier conflicts they are prepared to search for identity. Did they develop thebasic sense of trust? Do they have a strong sense of industry to believe inthemselves? Elements for a positive outcome: The adolescent must make a conscious search for identity. This is built onthe outcome and resolution to conflict in earlier stages. Elements for a negative outcome: If the adolescent can not make deliberate decisions and choices, especiallyabout vocation, sexual orientation, and life in general, role confusion becomesa threat. Examples: Adolescents attempt to establish their own identities and see themselves asseparate from their parents. Age: Adolescence 12 to 18 years Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion Important Event: Peer relationships The most important question asked at this stage is who am I? The major event at this stage is peer relationships. This encompasses the middle school, high school, and even college years where one is trying to figure out where there niche is. What type of person are they? Even though their parents believe in abortionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦do they? What do they want as a career? Do they believe in Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦do they want to use that to attach labels to themselves as religious or atheist? Erik Erikson was one of these outcasts. He agreed with Freud that development proceeds through a series of critical stages. But he believed the stages were psychosocial, not psychosexual. Erikson also argued that lifes developmental stages encompass the whole life span According to Erikson, a crisis is equivalent to a turning point in life, where there is the opportunity to progress or regress. At these turning points, a person can either resolve conflicts or fail to adequately resolve the developmental task. Delving further into these differences, Erikson contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task. Young children wrestle with issues of trust, then autonomy, then initiative. School-age children develop competence, the sense that they are able and productive human beings. In adolescence, the task is to synthesize past, present, and future possibilities into a clearer sense of self. Adolescents wonder: Who am I as an individual? What do I want to do with my life? What values should I live by? What do I believe in? Erikson calls this quest to more deeply define a sense of self the adolescents search for identity. To refine their sense of identity, adolescents usually try out different selves in different situations perhaps acting out one self at home, another with friends and still another at school and work. If two of these situations overlap like when a teenager brings a friend home from school the discomfort can be considerable. The teen may ask, Which self is the real me? Which self should I be? Often, this role confusion gets resolved by the gradual reshaping of a self-definition that unifies the various selves into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is an identity. But not always, Erikson believes that some adolescents forge their identity early, simply by taking on their parents values and expectations. Others may adopt a negative identity that defines itself in opposition to parents and society but in conformity with a particular peer group, complete perhaps with the shaved head or multi-colored coif. Still others never quite seem to find themselves or to develop strong commitments. For most, the struggle for identity continues past the teen years and reappears at turning points during adult life. During the first social stage, trust versus mistrust, an infants basic task is to develop a sense of trust in self, others, and the world. The infant needs to count on others and develop a sense of acceptance and security. This sense of trust is learned by being caressed and cared for. From Eriksons viewpoint, if the significant others in an infants life provide the necessary love, the infant develops a sense of trust. When love is absent, the result is a general sense of mistrust in others. Clearly, infants who feel accepted are in a more favorable position to successfully meet future developmental crises than are those who do not receive adequate nurturing. However, Erikson postulates that since development is a ongoing lifelong process, personality is not fixed at any given time. Events, circumstances, and social relationships are dynamic and changing. Thus, even a child who emerged from the first stage of life with a strong sense of trust may become mistrustful and cynical if bet rayed in later social relationships. Hence, personality is not viewed as fixed by the fifth year of life, as Freud believed, but remains fluid throughout the life span. Between the ages of one and three (Freuds anal stage), children are developing a growing sense of control over their lives. They can now walk, run, climb, and get into all sorts of mischief. A sense of autonomy develops as they learn new skills and achieve a feeling of control over their environment. Thus Eriksons titles this stage Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. During this period, some parents, out of concern or impatience with their childrens progress may intervene and do things that the children should be doing by themselves. Other parents may demand a level of competence of which their children are not yet physically and/or emotionally capable. In either case, these children begin to doubt their own abilities and feel ashamed when they fail to live up to parental expectations. Children who fail to master the tasks of establishing some control over themselves and coping with the world around them develop a sense of shame and feelings of doubt about their capabilities During the next stage, Initiative versus Guilt, which takes place during the preschool years (ages 4 to 6 Freuds phallic stage), children seek to find out how much they can do. According to Erikson, the basic task of preschool years is to establish a sense of competence and initiative. Preschool children begin to initiate many of their own activities as they become physically and psychologically ready to engage in pursuits of their own choosing. If they are allowed realistic freedom to choose their own activities and make some of their own decisions, they tend to develop a positive orientation characterized by confidence to initiate actions and follow through on them. On the other hand, if they are unduly restricted, or if their choices are ridiculed, they tend to experience a sense of guilt and ultimately withdraw from taking an active and initiating stance. By the age of six, the child should enter elementary school. It is during this age that the stage of Industry versus Inferiority occurs. During the ensuing five years, the most important events in the childs life revolve around setting and accomplishing goals related to school situations. When children are successful in mastering the many behaviors expected of them during these years, they develop feelings of competency and a sense of industry. They may express such feelings as: I can do anything if I just work hard enough. Children who encounter failure during the early grades may experience severe handicaps later on. A child with learning problems may begin to feel like a worthless person. Such feelings may drastically affect his or her relationships with peers, which are also vital at this time. During the adolescent years, teens experience Identity versus Role Confusion. Typically, adolescents feel they are on center stage and everyone is looking at them. They are often highly critical of themselves and feel that others are equally critical. Their thoughts often turn inward. They look at themselves and question whether or not they measure up to their peers. They also begin thinking about lifelong goals and careers, wondering whether they will make it in the world of the adult. Their ruthless self-appraisal is often beneficial. It results in the development of values, social attitudes, and standards. This inward focus appears to be necessary for the development of a firm sense of self and of broader roles in the social order. During the stage of Intimacy versus Isolation, adolescence is now behind the individual and the early adult years loom ahead. Energies are focused on building careers, establishing lasting social ties, and achieving then maintaining intimate relationships. Marriage or cohabitation creates new demands on the individual sharing, compromising, and relinquishing social mobility to some degree. Also, many young adults begin having children and raising families. Those who were unsuccessful in resolving their identity crises may find themselves isolated from mainstream society and unable to maintain healthy intimate relationships. It basically identifies the developmental interaction between maturational advances and the social  expectations made upon the child Ego identity is never established as an achievement,' as something static or unchangeable, but is a forever to-be-revised sense of reality of the Self within social reality (Erikson, 1968: 24, 211). Although the identity crisis is most pronounced during adolescence and gives that age its stage name, identity issues remain a lifelong concern. A redefinition of ones ego-identity emerges quite commonly when major role changes occur, such as when college freshmen leave home and have to make their own decisions, often for the first time. Other issues that tend to renew identity concerns are: ones first job, marriage, parenthood,  the death of ones parents, divorce, unemployment, serious illness, widowhood, and retirement. The ability to cope with these later identity issues that result from major changes in ones role in life may well depend on the degree of success with which one bas mastered the adolescent identity crisis. Adolescence bas been characterized by Erikson (1950) as the period in the human life cycle during which the individual must establish a sense of personal identity and avoid the dangers of rote diffusion and identity confusion. Identity achievement t implies that the individual assesses strengths and weaknesses and determines how he or she wants to deal with them. The adolescent must find an answer to the identity questions: Where did 1 come from? Who am I? What do 1 want to become?Identity, or a sense of sameness and continuity, must be searched for. Identity is not readily given to the individual by society, nor does it appear as a maturational phenomenon when the time comes, as do secondary sex characteristics. Identity must be acquired through sustained individual effort. Unwillingness to work actively on ones identity formation carries with it the danger of role diffusion, which may result in alienation and a sense of isolation and confusion. The search for an identity involves the establishment of a meaningfu1 self-concept in which past, present, and future are brought together to form a unified whole. Consequently, the task is more difficult in a historical period in which the anchorage of family and community tradition bas been lost and the future is unpredictable. ln a period of rapid social change, the aIder generation is no longer able to provide adequate role models for the younger generation. Mead (1970) describes in detail the changing relationship of adolescents to parents as societies move from post- to co- and pre figurative cultures  (see Chapter 6). Keniston (1965) bas even suggested that in a rapidly changing society, the search for an identity is replacing the socialization process, since the latter implies that there actually exist stable, uniform, socially defined scales and values into which the adolescent can be guided. The aider generation no longer provides effective role models to the younger generation in the process of searching for a personal identity. If the elders do provide them, adolescents may either reject them as personally inappropriate, or follow them-in what will later be discussed as a foreclosed fashion-that is, seeking to fulfil their parents aspirations for them, without appreciating the search for an identity as a personal opportunity. Thus, the importance of the peer group in helping the individual to answer the identity question, Who am I? cannot be emphasized enough. The answer to this question depends  on social feedback from others who provide the adolescent with their perception and their evaluation of him or ber. Identity is based on psychosocial reciprocity. Therefore, adolescents are sometimes morbidly, often curiously, preoccupied with what they appear to be in the eyes of others as compared with what they feel they are and with the question of how to connect to earl ier cultivated cales and skills with the ideal prototype of the clay (Erikson, 1959: 89). Adolescents preoccupation with the thinking of others is the basis of Elkinds (1967) theory of egocentrism. Since an identity can be found only in interaction with significant others, a process Erikson refers to as psychosocial reciprocity, the adolescent often goes through a period of a great need for peer group recognition and almost compulsive peer group involvement. Conforming to the expectations of peers helps adolescents find out how certain cales fit them, but peer group conformity can also createa new kind of dependencys, o that the individual accepts the values of others tao easily without really addressing the identity issue ofhow weIl they do fit him or ber. The peer group, the clique, and the gang, even the lover, aid the individual in the search for a personal identity since they provide bath a cole model and very personal social feedback. The seemingly endless telephone conversations during adolescencea nd later, the bull sessioni n college, can serveg enuine psychological purposes by providing this kind of personal information. As long as the adolescent depends on role  models and feedback, the in-group feeling that the peer group provides will remain quite strong. AIso, behaviors of conformity to the expectations of the peer group reflect the learned skill of not making oneself an easy target of catty remarks or to avoid being mock ed out. The ensuing clannishnessa and intolerance of differences-including petty aspects of language, gesture, hair style, and dress-are explained by Erikson as the necessacy defenses against the dangers of self-diffusion that remain prevalent as long as the identity bas not yet been achieved. Particularly during the time when the body image changes so rapidly, when genital maturation stimulates sexualf antasiesa, nd when intimacy with the opposite sexa ppearsa s a possibility with simultaneouslyp ositive and negative valencest,h e adolescent relies on peers for advice, comfort, companionship, and uses peers as a personal sounding board. Eventually, adolescents must free themselves from this new dependency on peers-which bas just replaced their dependency on parents-in order to find themselves, that is, to attain a mature identity. Such an identity, once found, gives the young adult a sense of knowing where one is going and an inner assuredness anticipated recognition  from those who count (Erikson, 1959: 118). Pubescence, according to Erikson, is characterized by the rapidity of body growth, genital maturity, and sexual awareness. Because these changes are qualitatively quite different from those experienced during childhood, an element of discontinuity from previous  development may emerge during early adolescence. youth is not only confronted with an internal physiological revolution that interferes with the easy establishment of a new body image, but also confronted with a psychological crisis that revolves around issues of identity and self-definition. Erikson maintains today that the study of identity bas become more important than was the study of sexuality in Freuds rime. For the searching adolescent, identity-the establishment and reestablishment of sameness with previous experiences and a conscious attempt to make the future a part of ones personal life plan-seems  to be subordinated to sexuality. Adolescents must establish ego-identity and lea rn to accept body changes as well as new libidinal feelings. Identity exploration depends at least in part on these psycho physiological factors. I